Pdf life cycle assessment handbook reinout heijungs. For the total results, all electrified and hvo options show clear benefits compared to the conventional diesel bus. The analysis of the total energy input over the life of a vehicle is known as life cycle assessment. Life cycle assessment on a bus body component based on. Videos 2, 3 and 4 of the gabi paper clip video tutorial series accompany it. However, this includes accident vehicles taken out of service prematurely. Base battery electric bus prices have decreased by 25% over the last five years.
Hazard identification and risk assessment in construction. Environmental lifecycle assessment of passenger transportation. A systematic set of procedures for compiling and examining the inputs and outputs of materials and energy and the associated environmental impacts directly attributable to the functioning of a product or service system throughout its life cycle. Euro vi buses were modeled using copert data for euro vi and euro. Mar 15, 2015 phase of interpretation life cycle interpretation is a systematic technique to identify, quantify, check, and evaluate information from the results of the life cycle inventory andor the life cycle impact assessment. Whereas the more traditional environment policy mainly deals with individual emissions, waste and substances, product policy is a more comprehensive approach addressing the environmental impacts of products during their whole life cycle. This study explores life cycle environmental impacts of city buses, depending. Life cycle assessment lca is a tool for the systematic evaluation of the environmental aspects of a product or service system through all stages of its life cycle. A practice guide referred to as the practice guide in this document. Improvements in battery technology reduce the life cycle impacts from the electric bus, but the electricity grid makeup is the dominant. Life cycle assessment of li thium ion b atteries for plug in hybrid buses master of science thesis ylva olofsson mia romare department of energy and environment department of applied physics. Life cycle assessment lca is emerging as one of the most. Introduction to life cycle assessment 9 1 introduction to life cycle assessment this section of the handbook introduces the concept of life cycle assessment lca.
For instance, in the case of a manufactured product, environmental impacts are assessed from raw material extraction and processing cradle, through the. Life cycle cost overview for different transit technologies. This paper examines the environmental impacts association primarily with coffee production, but also use and disposal. Pdf a hybrid life cycle assessment of public transportation buses. The life cycle models are designed to be flexible, allowing for future scenario analysis examining different primary energy sources, fuel production processes, and expected. A simple example introduction page 3 introduction this document presents a simple example of the steps in life cycle assessment of buildings.
Office of inspector general page 4 analysis of fleet replacement lifecycle trends in vehicle useful life the average light vehicle lasts about years and 145,000 miles when it is taken out of service and scrapped. The case of bus and private transportation article pdf available january 2005 with 148 reads how we measure reads. Co 2 emissions and other air pollutants related health and environmental damage cost. Some studies also pay attention to the life cycle analysis of only fcvs or fuel cell systems. A hybrid life cycle assessment of public transportation.
The model was based on a bus system simulation using existing transit bus routes in the ann arborypsilanti metro area in michigan. Argonne has developed the alternative fuel lifecycle environmental and economic transportation afleet tool for clean cities stakeholders to estimate petroleum use, greenhouse gas emissions, air pollutant emissions, and cost of ownership of lightduty and heavyduty vehicles using simple spreadsheet inputs. Adopting alternative fuel options for public transportation compared to passenger vehicles contributes exponentially to reductions in transportationrelated environmental impacts. Pdf integrated life cycle assessment and life cycle cost. Only a portion of the course material is accessible via. This study presents the life cycle assessment lca of three batteries for plugin hybrid and full performance battery electric vehicles. A significant impact reduction is already achieved with the hev diesel. This document presents a simple example of the steps in life cycle assessment of buildings. Postdoctoral scholar civil and environmental engineering university of california, berkeley. Life cycle assessment lca has been utilized in the literature to compare conventional gasoline. A case study looking into multiple coffee types is included. Life cycle environmental assessment of lithiumion and. Life cycle assessment lca is used as a tool to assess the environmental impacts of a product, process or activity throughout its life cycle.
The goal of this project is to develop comprehensive lifecycle assessment lca. Policymaker guide which alternative fuel technology is best. This study quantifies the energy input and environmental impact of various transportation options using life cycle assessment. Life cycle stages that had minimal contribution to impact include. This in in contrast with a natural gas powered bus that emits from both its tailpipe and upstream. Life cycle assessment or life cycle assessment lca, also known as life cycle analysis is a methodology for assessing environmental impacts associated with all the stages of the life cycle of a commercial product, process, or service. For instance, in the case of a manufactured product, environmental impacts are assessed from raw material.
Lifecycle assessment or life cycle assessment lca, also known as life cycle analysis is a methodology for assessing environmental impacts associated with all the stages of the life cycle of a commercial product, process, or service. Tradeoffs between co 2 emissions and cost of transit bus fleet operation. Life cycle assessment of transportation options for commuters. Life cycle assessment on a bus body component based on hemp fiber and ptp. Alternative fuel lifecycle environmental and economic. Life cycle assessment of diesel and electric public transportation buses. Alternative fuel options are gaining popularity in the vehicle market. At the european level, the parliament has suggested that the commission develop a framework for an integrated lifecycleoriented product policy. Assistant professor civil and environmental engineering university of california, davis. Transits morley bus depot,the fuel cell buses are operating in regular service alongside the conventional transperth natural gas and diesel bus fleets. Life cycle assessment lca has been utilized in the literature to compare conventional gasolinepowered passenger cars with various types of electric and hybridpowered alternatives, however, no. Life cycle ownership cost and environmental externality of. A life cycle assessment is defined as the systematic analysis of the environmental impact of products during their entire life cycle. Furthermore, understanding the benefits of biodiesel means understanding how its life cycle emissions compare to those of petroleum diesel.
Life cycle assessment is a cradletograve or cradletocradle analysis technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a products life, which is from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, and use. During a life cycle assessment environmental impacts are evaluated throughout the entire life cycle of a product production, use and disposal phases. Cradletograve begins with the gathering of raw materials from the earth to create the product and ends at the point when all materials are returned to the earth. Life cycle assessment lca has emerged as a critical systemsoriented assessment framework for understanding the complexity, interdependencies, and impacts of infrastructure systems. Not a true lca tool by iso 14040 because it does not characterize emissions as.
This video is part of an online course being taught at the university of california, ics 5. Lca is necessary to compare emissions and energy use among. Life cycle inventory of biodiesel and petroleum diesel for. Similarly, the accumulation of co2 in the atmosphere is a global effect that requires a comprehensive life cycle analysis. Life cycle assessment lca life cycle assessment lca is a tool to evaluate the environmental effects of a product or process throughout its entire life cycle. Integrated life cycle assessment and life cycle cost model. An lca entails examining the product from the extraction of raw materials for the manufacturing process, through the production and use of the. Conducting a life cycle assessment lca there are four main phases of the lca process. Pdf many industrial strategies have been developed in order to promote manufacturers environmental responsibility and consumers consciousness over.
Life cycle assessment of a heavy metro train request pdf. Global guidance principles for life cycle assessment databases a basis for greener processes and products united nations environment programme p. Aia guide to building life cycle assessment in practice. Life cycle assessment and life cycle costing of hydrogen. Life cycle assessment has been utilized in the literature to compare conventional gasoline powered passenger cars with various types of electric and hybrid powered alternatives. Life cycle assessment of city buses powered by electricity. This book presents an overview and assessment of a relatively new area of environmental policy in europe. Lca provides an adequate instrument for environmental decision support. Diesel bus transit in an indian scenario overall, it can be inferred that electric bus mobility is a promising initiative for indian cities and. Safety and performance requirements and test methods. Welcome to the life cycle assessment lca learning module series.
Business life cycle environmental life cycle 6 the early years. Postdoctoral scholar civil and environmental engineering university of california, berkeley alissa kendall, ph. Environmental lifecycle assessment pdf free download. A small gingerbread house is used instead of a real life building for the sake of simplicity, and also to focus. Life cycle assessment of thinwall ductile cast iron for automotive lightweighting applications. An integrated life cycle assessment and life cycle cost lcc model was developed to compare the life cycle performance of plug. Department of the interior bus and ferry lifecycle cost. Therefore, this study aims to present total air pollutant emissions and water withdrawal impacts through the lifetime of a transit bus with.
Many federal land management agencies receive funding for bus and ferry vehicles without much prior knowledge of the costs associated with those vehicles over their lifespan. Life cycle assessment of diesel and electric public transportation buses gregory a. In addition, we include the establishment of infrastructure, such as gas well drilling and completion. Comparative analysis of energy and environmental impacts and evaluation of the ecoefficiency improvement potential. The future of building life cycle assessment in practice summary as the architectural and construction industries increasingly emphasize sustainability, more comprehensive methods are being developed to evaluate and reduce environmental impacts by buildings. Optimization of transit bus fleets life cycle assessment. A hybrid life cycle assessment of public transportation buses. Life cycle assessment of coffee fort collins, colorado. Life cycle assessment an overview sciencedirect topics. In transportation, the framework is now routinely used to assess the energy and environmental performance of transportation systems, emerging technologies. Center for transportation and the environment fuel costs.
Optimizing the economic and sustainability impacts of transit bus fleet operation. The vulnerability of the nations transportation infrastructure to climate change and extreme weather is now well documented and the transportation community has identified numerous strategies to potentially mitigate these vulnerabilities. View the article pdf and any associated supplements and figures for a period of 48 hours. Life cycle assessment environmental management systems. Life cycle assessment of diesel and electric public transportation. Furthermore, these ancillary processes rely on a supply chain to provide materials, sub. Every product has its own story, since many things occur during a products journey until it reaches our hands.
Life cycle assessment is a cradletograve approach for assessing industrial systems. Transformer life management english pdf leaflet dynamic transformer management program 20 english pdf. Useful life of transit buses and vans final report report documentation page form approved omb no. Request pdf life cycle assessment of diesel and electric public transportation buses the clean air act in the united states identifies dieselpowered motor.
Cycle greenhouse gas emissions calculator for transit buses. The goal of the life cycle assessment lca is the balancing and assessment of all the environmental impacts caused by the entire life cycle of the newly developed component based on renewable raw materials. Sustainable materials and technologies 2018, 15, 18. Life cycle assessment in support of sustainable transportation. It synthesizes the literature available for lcas of. Ally, jamie 2015 life cycle assessment and life cycle costing of hydrogen fuel cell, natural gas, and diesel bus transportation systems in western australia. An introduction to life cycle assessment lca nick santero, ph. An integrated life cycle assessment and life cycle cost lcc model was developed to compare the life cycle performance of plugin charging versus wireless charging for an electric bus system. The life cycle assessment lca is one such project, aimed at evaluating the hydrogen infrastructure and fuel cell buses in relation to the existing diesel and natural gas transportation systems. This study provides a life cycle inventory of environmental. The reports provide the condition and life assessment of the each transformer with recommendations for further action in order to minimize or eliminate risk of failures. Life cycle assessment of li thium ion b atteries for plug. Lifecycle assessment lca also called life cycle analysis is a tool for examining the total environmental impact of a product through every step of its life from obtaining raw materials all the way through making it in a factory, selling it in a store, using it in the workplace or at home, and disposing of it. Life cycle assessment of diesel and electric public.
Hybrid life cycle assessment analysis approach for transit bus operations. The passenger transportation modes of auto, bus, heavy rail, light rail and air are critical systems relied upon for business and leisure. Life cycle assessment of transportation options for. Tradeoffs between co 2 emissions and cost of transit bus. The other alternative fuel pathways have nearly equal or higher life cycle costs compared to conventional diesel. The method of life cycle assessment lca summary the lca is a standardized method which allows the integral record, quantification and evaluation of the environmental damages connected with a product, a procedure, or a service in the context of a given question. Lifecycle assessment lca a guide to approaches, experiences and information sources there are great expectations for lca. Life cycle assessment lca is the calculation and evaluation of the environmentally relevant inputs and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of the life cycle of a product, material or service sabs iso, 1998. Bs en 14044 high rise aerial appliances for fire and rescue service use. The results from the inventory analysis and impact assessment are summarized during the interpretation phase. Jul 15, 2015 alternative fuel options are gaining popularity in the vehicle market.
Integral survey means the consideration of all steps. Goals and scoping3 the scoping step determines which processes will be included, which environmental concerns will be included, what economic or social good is provided by the goods or services in question, resolves any technical issues and. Industry classification system naics sector 336120, heavy. This international standard does not describe the life cycle assessment technique in detail. We find that rapidcharging battery electric buses bebs have the lowest life cycle costs when compared to conventional diesel buses, as shown in figure 2, for the scenario with 80% federal funding for bus purchasing costs. Life cycle assessment for transportation decision making. Jan 15, 2015 life cycle assessment of a heavy metro train article in journal of cleaner production 8715 january 2015.
The article goes on to discuss the use of lca as a decision making tool in the transportation look right sphere and avenues for development are. Life cycle assessment department of environmental affairs. A small gingerbread house is used instead of a real life building for the sake of simplicity, and also to focus attention on the process instead of the material results. Life cycle assessment lca is a tool that can be used to track the. Life cycle assessment of fuel cell vehicles considering. A transparent life cycle inventory lci was compiled in a componentwise manner for nickel metal hydride nimh, nickel cobalt manganese lithiumion ncm, and iron phosphate lithiumion lfp batteries. Mar 24, 2016 an integrated life cycle assessment and life cycle cost lcc model was developed to compare the life cycle performance of plug. Department of the interior bus and ferry lifecycle cost modeling. A detailed methodology for energy, greenhouse gas and criteria pollutant inventories of automobiles, buses, light rail, heavy rail and air v. Conclusions as an addition of current literature, lca of alternative fuel options was performed in this paper for transit buses with the consideration of a wide variety.